Method of fabricating chip package

ABSTRACT

A Chip Scale Package (CSP) and a method of forming the same are disclosed. Single chips without the conventional ball mountings, are first attached to an adhesive-substrate (adsubstrate) composite having openings that correspond to the input/output (I/O) pads on the single chips to form a composite chip package. Ball mounting is then performed over the openings, thus connecting the I/O pads at the chip sites to the next level of packaging directly. In another embodiment, the adhesive layer is formed on the wafer side first to form an adwafer, which is then die sawed in CSPs. Then the CSPs with the adhesive already on them are bonded to a substrate. The composite chip package may optionally be encapsulated with a molding material. The CSPs provide integrated and shorter chip connections especially suited for high frequency circuit applications, and can leverage the currently existing test infrastructure.

This application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 09/821,546, filed on Mar. 30, 2001, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,498,196.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

(1) Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to the manufacture of integrated circuit (IC) chips, and in particular to the packaging of chips at the chip level. At the same time, packaging of chips relates to chip bonding, including the current wire bonding, to Chip Scale Packaging (CSP) test fixture concerns, and the attendant reliability concerns.

(2) Description of the Related Art

Packaging of IC chips determines to a large extent the performance of the system of which the chips are the smallest building blocks. As-one chip must communicate with one or more other neighboring chips in order to perform a system function, the method by which the chips are packaged and interconnected makes a difference in their speed of communication. For example, current mini-BGA (Ball-Grid-Array) packages using wire bonding as interconnection are not as effective in high frequency circuit applications. Also, chip scale packaging (CSP) is important in determining the type of fixtures that must be used for testing. It is disclosed later in the embodiments of the present invention a CSP package and a method of manufacturing the same which substantially improves the performance of the IC chips as well as the testing cost of the chips.

As is known in the art, integrated circuits are formed on a silicon wafer which is then diced or cut to form individual die, also called chips. The circuits which are interconnected in each chip terminate at terminals on the chip. The appropriate chips are then interconnected with each other by bonding those terminals onto a card having its own interconnections. Depending upon the complexity and function of the final machine that is to be built, this first level package may in turn be interconnected with other first level cards by connecting the cards onto a second level package, usually called a board.

The chip level interconnection forming the first level package is usually performed using wirebonding (WB), tape automated bonding (TAB), or flip-chip solder connection, sometimes referred to as controlled collapse chip connection (C4). A detailed description of each of these interconnection schemes will not be given here so as to not obscure the key aspects of the present invention, and also, as they are not necessary to the understanding of the teachings of the present invention.

A conventional first level mini-BGA package, (10), is shown in prior art FIG. 1. The die, or chip (20) is wire-bonded (40) to substrate (30), which in turn is connected to second level package (70) through solder connections (60). The mini-BGA package Ls always encapsulated in a molding material (50). It will be known to those skilled in the art that it would be desirable to eliminate wires (40). Such a method is disclosed later in the embodiments of the present invention. Some other prior methods of making connections to chips are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,994,766 by Shenoy et al., 6,118,183 by Umehara, et al., 6,137,164 by Yew et al., 5,734,201 by Djennas et al, and 5,914,533 by Frech et al., where they use redistribution layers. Lau, on the other hand, shows a low-cost surface mount compatible land-grid array (LGA) chip scale package (CSP) for packaging solder-bumped flip chips. Higgins also discloses a CSP mounted to a substrate using direct chip attach (DCA) method.

The present invention, as disclosed later, differs from prior art in that a CSP is formed by integrating a redistributed chip on a substrate. The I/O solder balls are first mounted through the substrate vias, which in turn are connected to the chip I/O pads. The substrate is attached to the chip by an adhesive.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

It is therefore an object of this invention to provide a Chip Scale Package (CSP) having improved chip attachment especially suited for high frequency circuit application.

It is another object of the present invention to provide a more reliable CSP than current CSP.

It is still another object of the present invention to provide a CSP which leverages current test infrastructure to be more cost effective.

It is yet another object of the present invention to provide a method of forming CSP with improved interconnections.

It is an overall object of the present invention to provide a method of attaching chips directly to an adhesive-substrate (adsubstrate) as well as attaching an adhesive-wafer (adwafer) directly to a substrate in order to form CSPs with minimized interconnection lengths and hence, enhanced circuit speed.

The objects of the invention are accomplished by providing a silicon chip having I/O pads; an under-ball metallurgy (UBM) layer on the surface of said I/O pads; a substrate with an adhesive (adsubstrate), and having openings corresponding to the locations of said I/O pads; and ball mountings formed over said adsubstrate and reaching said UBM layer over said I/O pads on said chip.

The objects are further accomplished by providing a wafer having a plurality of chip sites with I/O pads; forming an under-ball metal (UBM) layer over said I/O pads; forming an adhesive layer over said UBM layer on said wafer to form an adwafer; forming openings in said adhesive layer on said adwafer to reach said I/O pads underlying said UBM layer; die sawing said adwafer to form said chip scale package (CSP); providing a substrate having openings corresponding to said I/O pads; attaching said CSP with said adhesive to said substrate; and forming ball mountings on said openings on said substrate to attach to said I/O pads on said CSP.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of a portion of a conventional mini-BGA, according to prior art.

FIG. 2 a is a cross-sectional view of a portion of a semiconductor chip showing the forming of an area array I/O pads, according to the present invention.

FIG. 2 aa is a transverse cross-sectional view of a portion of the semiconductor chip of FIG. 2 a showing the UBM layer on the I/O pads, according to the present invention.

FIG. 2 b is a cross-sectional view of a portion of a semiconductor chip showing the redistribution of I/O pads in a redistribution layer to form an area array of I/O pads, according to the present invention.

FIG. 2 c is a cross-sectional view of a portion of a composite adsubstrate structure comprising an adhesive layer formed over a substrate, according to the present invention.

FIG. 2 d is a cross-sectional view of a portion of the adsubstrate of FIG. 2 c showing the forming of through via holes, according to the present invention.

FIG. 2 e is a top view of a portion the adsubstrate of FIG. 2 d showing the area array of via openings, according to the present invention.

FIG. 2 f is a cross-sectional view of a portion of a chip package formed by adhering a multiplicity of chips to the adsubstrate of FIG. 2 d, according to the present invention.

FIG. 2 g is a cross-sectional view of a portion of the chip package of FIG. 2 f showing the encapsulation of the same, according to the present invention.

FIG. 2 h is a cross-sectional view of a portion of the encapsulate chip package of FIG. 2 g showing the forming of ball mounts, according to the present invention.

FIG. 2 i is a cross-sectional view of a portion of the chip scale package (CSP) of the present invention after sawing off of the same from the chip package of FIG. 2 h, according to the present invention.

FIG. 2 j is a top view of a portion of the patterned stencil where solid areas (161) prevent the adhesive material printing to the substrate while open areas (163) allow the adhesive material to print on the substrate, thus forming the adsubstrate of FIG. 2 e, according to the present invention.

FIG. 3 a is a cross-sectional view of a portion of a wafer showing the forming of an adhesive layer, according to the present invention.

FIG. 3 b is a cross-sectional view of a portion of the wafer of FIG. 3 a showing the opening of the area array I/O pads, according to the present invention.

FIG. 3 c is a cross-sectional view of a portion of a substrate showing the area array openings, according to the present invention.

FIG. 3 d is a cross-sectional view of a portion of the substrate of FIG. 3 c and of the wafer of FIG. 3 b showing the attachment to each other, according to the present invention.

FIG. 3 e is a cross-sectional view of a portion of the wafer of FIG. 3 d, showing the encapsulation in a molding material, according to the present invention.

FIG. 3 f is a cross-sectional view of a portion of the encapsulated wafer package showing the forming of ball mounts, according to the present invention.

FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view of a Chip Scale Package (CSP) of the present invention, showing that the invention can perform on a chip designed without the area array pads, and with no distribution layer, according to the present invention.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

Referring now to the drawings, that is, to FIGS. 2 a-2 i, and FIGS. 3 a-3 g, there are shown steps of forming a Chip Scale Package (CSP) with improved interconnections.

More specifically, FIGS. 2 a and 2 b show two single chips die sawed from a wafer, preferably silicon. Chip (100) in FIG. 2 a is either already designed to have an area array (AA) of input-output (I/O) pads (110) in passivation layer (120), or, optionally, the same chip in FIG. 2 b has normal design I/O pads which have subsequently been redistributed in a re-routing (RR) layer (130) to form redistributed AA pads (140) as shown in FIG. 2 b. An under-ball metallurgy layer, comprising nickel and copper, that is, (UBM) layer (115), is also formed over pads (110) or (140), better seen in cross-sectional view in FIG. 2 aa. It is important that the pads on chips are generally in an area array configuration for easier connection to the next level of packaging, as is known in the art.

It is also known in the art that chip sites are first formed on a semiconductor substrate to form a wafer, where the substrate is provided with pads (110/115) or (140/115) that are connected to underlying multi-level metal layers through intervening insulating dielectric layers, and ultimately to integrated circuit devices that have already been conventionally formed within and on the substrate. These conventional steps are well known in the art and as they are not significant to the invention, they are not described in detail here in order not to unnecessarily obscure the present invention. However, it is described below in the embodiments of the present invention a new method of forming a chip scale package (CSP) where the I/O ball connections are directly reflowed to the chip pads through vias formed in an intervening next level of substrate.

Thus, as a key aspect of the present invention, substrate (150), preferably a bismaleimide triazine (BT), having a thickness between about 150 to 300 micrometers is mounted with adhered to an adhesive layer (160), having a thickness between about 10 to 100 micrometers. Layer (160) can be a polyimide thermocompression adhesive SPA made by Nippon Steel Chemical. The adhesive and the substrate together form an “adsubstrate” composite structure, reference numeral (165), as shown in FIG. 2 c. The composite adsubstrate is then either mechanically drilled, or, preferably laser drilled with an area array of via openings (170) that correspond to AA I/O pads (110) or (140) on the chip, as shown in FIG. 2 d. A top view of the adsubstrate with AA openings is also shown in FIG. 2 e.

It is important that the vias in the adsubstrate align with the I/O pads on the chip, for at the next key step, the chips are attached to the adsubstrate to form a chip package, reference numeral (105), as shown in FIG. 2 f such that the vias (170) reach the I/O pads. The attachment is achieved by subjecting the chip package to an assembly pressure between about 1.5 to 2.5 Megapascals (Mpa) and at the same time, to a temperature between about 250 to 350.degree. C. Next, the chip package assembly is encapsulated with a molding material (180), preferably, epoxy based resin to a thickness between about 100 to 500 micrometers, as shown in FIG. 2 g. It will be obvious to those skilled in the art that other molding materials for electronics can also be used.

It is now a main feature of the present invention to perform ball mounting over the via openings of the adsubstrate, where the chip package is inverted such that the mounting material (190), preferably, solder is “balled” up as shown in FIG. 2 h. It is further preferred that the solder (190) comprises tin-lead, or, tin-silver alloy. During continued process, solder flows to reach the I/O pads at the bottom of the vias, as shown in FIG. 2 h. As a final step, the encapsulated chip package is die sawed to form the Chip Scale Package (CSP) of the present invention, as shown in FIG. 2 i. FIG. 2 j shows an alternate method of silk screening an adhesive material on to substrate (167) with holes corresponding to the AA I/O pads on the chip. That is, FIG. 2 j is a top view of a portion of the patterned stencil where solid areas (161) prevent the adhesive material (160) printing to the substrate (150) while open areas (163) allow the adhesive material (160) to print on the substrate (150), thus forming the adsubstrate (165) of FIG. 2 e.

In a second embodiment shown in FIGS. 3 a-3 f, the main feature is where the adhesive material is applied to wafer (300) to form an “adwafer” first. The adwafer, with a plurality of chip sites, has aluminum pads (320) with an optional re-routing (RR) dielectric layer (330) and passivation layer (310) separating the pads from adhesive layer (350), as shown in FIG. 3 a. It will be noted that the I/O pads are connected to RR metal layer (340) which redistributes the ordinary pad configuration to an Area Array (AA) pad configuration where the redistributed AA pads are terminated with a barrier metal (345), which acts as an under-ball metallurgy (UBM) as seen in both FIGS. 3 a and 3 b. It is preferred that the UBM comprises copper and nickel, and has a thickness between about 1 to 50 micrometers. The adhesive film can be formed on the wafer by either spin coating, screen printing or lamination under pressure, where the latter is preferred.

Openings (360) in adhesive layer (350) reaching barrier metal (345) are next formed by either laser drilling, photolithographic methods, or by silk screening the AA configuration onto the adhesive layer in the first place. It is preferred that laser drilling is employed in this instance. The adwafer so prepared is then diced into Chip Scale Packages, or, CSPs.

As a key aspect of the second embodiment, a substrate (370), similar to the BGA substrate (150) used in the first embodiment, is next prepared with drilled via openings (380) corresponding to the AA pad array on the CSPs to be attached as shown in FIG. 3 c. It is preferred that substrate (370) comprises BT and has a thickness between about 150 to 300 micrometers. Then the CSP of FIG. 3 b is die attached to substrate (370), as shown in FIG. 3 d. This is accomplished at a pressure between about 1.5 to 2.5 Mpascals and temperature between about 250 to 350.degree. C. The resulting package is next encapsulated with a molding material (390) using a molding process as shown in FIG. 3 e. This is followed by another key feature of the second embodiment, namely, a reflow ball mounting process is performed to form a solder (400) over openings (360) and connected to the AA I/O pads of the chip sites within the wafer, as shown in FIG. 3 f. This is accomplished by forming solder (400) comprising tin-lead or tin-silver alloy.

Though these numerous details of the disclosed method are set forth here, such as process parameters, to provide an understanding of the present invention, it will be obvious, however, to those skilled in the art that these specific details need not be employed to practice the present invention. At the same time, it will be evident that the same methods may be employed in other similar process steps that are too many to cite, such as, for example forming a CSP product without a re-routing metal layer which is replaced by an UBM layer such as shown in FIG. 4.

It will thus be apparent to those skilled in the art that the disclosed invention can improve the performance of the various levels of packaging in computers through the use of solder connections in place of wire bonding. At the same time, the disclosed Chip Scale Packaging (CSP) can improve the testing cost by keeping the same body size of chip using the same size substrate. The conventional CSP's on the other hand, have varying body sizes, and therefore, requiring different test fixtures. Even more varying sizes are expected with shrinking product sizes, especially with memory products, and hence, large over-head expenditures for the well-known back-end testing on the production line. This is not the case with the uniformly formed CSPs of the present invention. The presently disclosed CSP's can also provide improved thermal reliability by encapsulating the chips with molding materials that will reduce the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) mismatch between the silicon chip and the next level of packaging. Hence, molding materials other than those described here may also be used without departing from the letter and spirit of the invention.

That is, while the invention has been particularly shown and described with reference to the preferred embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and details may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of fabricating a chip package, comprising: joining a top surface of a substrate and a bottom side of a die, wherein a first opening through said substrate is under said bottom side of said die, wherein said die comprises a first conductive layer, a second conductive layer and a passivation layer at said bottom side of said die, wherein a second opening in said passivation layer is under a first contact point of said first conductive layer, and said first contact point is at a top of said second opening, wherein said second conductive layer is coupled to said first contact point through said second opening, wherein said second conductive layer has a second contact point over said first opening; after said joining said top surface of said substrate and said bottom side of said die, forming a conductive interconnect coupled to said second contact point though said first opening; and after said joining said top surface of said substrate and said bottom side of said die, forming a molding material on a sidewall of said die and en-over said top surface of said substrate.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein said first conductive layer comprises copper.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein said first conductive layer comprises aluminum.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein said second conductive layer comprises nickel.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein said second conductive layer comprises copper.
 6. The method of claim 1, after said forming said conductive interconnect and said forming said molding material, further comprising separating said molding material and said substrate into multiple portions, wherein said separating said molding material and said substrate comprises a sawing process.
 7. The method of claim 1, wherein said molding material comprises an epoxy.
 8. The method of claim 1 comprising said forming said molding material further over a top side of said die.
 9. The method of claim 1, wherein said substrate comprises bismaleimide triazine.
 10. A method of fabricating a chip package, comprising: forming an adhesive material on a top surface of a substrate; after said forming said adhesive material, joining said top surface of said substrate and a bottom side of a die with said adhesive material, wherein a first opening through said substrate is under said bottom side of said die, wherein said die comprises a copper layer, a conductive pad and a passivation layer at said bottom side of said die, wherein a second opening in said passivation layer is under a first contact point of said copper layer, and said first contact point is at a top of said second opening, wherein said conductive pad is coupled to said first contact point through said second opening, wherein said conductive pad has a second contact point over said first opening; after said joining said top surface of said substrate and said bottom side of said die, forming a conductive interconnect coupled to said second contact point through said first opening; after said joining said top surface of said substrate and said bottom side of said die, forming a molding material on a sidewall of said die and over said top surface of said substrate; and after said forming said conductive interconnect and said forming said molding material, separating said molding material and said substrate into multiple portions, wherein said separating said molding material and said substrate comprises a sawing process.
 11. The method of claim 10, wherein said conductive pad comprises nickel.
 12. The method of claim 10, wherein said conductive pad comprises copper.
 13. The method of claim 10, wherein said molding material comprises an epoxy.
 14. The method of claim 10 comprising said forming said molding material further over a top side of said die.
 15. The method of claim 10, wherein said substrate comprises bismaleimide triazine (BT).
 16. A method of fabricating a chip package, comprising: forming an adhesive material on a top surface of a substrate; after said forming said adhesive material, joining said top surface of said substrate and a bottom side of a die with said adhesive material, wherein an opening through said substrate is under said bottom side of said die, wherein said die comprises a copper layer and a conductive pad at said bottom side of said die, wherein said conductive pad is coupled upwards to a bottom surface of said copper layer, wherein said conductive pad has a contact point over said opening; after said joining said top surface of said substrate and said bottom side of said die, forming a conductive interconnect coupled to said contact point through said opening; and after said joining said top surface of said substrate and said bottom side of said die, forming a molding material on a sidewall of said die and over said top surface of said substrate.
 17. The method of claim 16, wherein said conductive pad comprises nickel.
 18. The method of claim 16, wherein said conductive pad comprises copper.
 19. The method of claim 16, wherein said molding material comprises an epoxy.
 20. The method of claim 16 comprising said forming said molding material further over a top side of said die.
 21. The method of claim 16, after said forming said conductive interconnect and said forming said molding material, further comprising separating said molding material and said substrate into multiple portions, wherein said separating said molding material and said substrate comprises a sawing process.
 22. The method of claim 16, wherein said substrate comprises bismaleimide triazine.
 23. A method of fabricating a chip package, comprising: forming a molding material on a sidewall of a die and on a top side of said die, wherein said die comprises a conductive pad at a bottom side of said die and a passivation layer at said bottom side of said die, wherein an opening in said passivation layer is under a contact point of said conductive pad, and said contact point is at a top of said opening, wherein all of said passivation layer is vertically under an upper portion of said die, wherein said conductive pad comprises a copper layer; after said forming said molding material, forming a conductive interconnect coupled to said conductive pad; and after said forming said conductive interconnect, separating said molding material into multiple portions, wherein said separating said molding material comprises a sawing process.
 24. The method of claim 23, wherein said molding material comprises an epoxy.
 25. A method of fabricating a chip package, comprising: joining a substrate and a die; after said joining said substrate and said die, forming a molding material over said substrate and said die; and after said forming said molding material, performing a sawing process to provide said chip package comprising a part of said substrate, said die over a top surface of said part of said substrate, a conductive bump having first portion located in an opening in said substrate and a second portion contacting said die, and a part of said molding material over said top surface and said die and at left and right sides of said die, wherein said part of said molding material has a left edge and a right edge substantially parallel with said left edge of said part of said molding material, wherein said part of said molding material comprises a first portion vertically over a left edge of said die, a second portion vertically over a right edge of said die and a third portion vertically over said die and between said first and second portions, wherein said first, second and third portions continuously extend over said die.
 26. The method of claim 25, wherein said part of said substrate in said chip package comprises a ball-grid-array (BGA) substrate.
 27. The method of claim 25, wherein said part of said substrate in said chip package has a left edge substantially aligned with said left edge of said part of said molding material and a right edge substantially aligned with said right edge of said part of said molding material.
 28. The method of claim 25, wherein said die in said chip package comprises a copper pad at a bottom side of said die and vertically over said conductive bump.
 29. The method of claim 25, wherein said die in said chip package comprises an aluminum-containing pad at a bottom side of said die and vertically over said conductive bump.
 30. The method of claim 25, wherein said die in said chip package comprises a contact pad at a bottom side of said die, a passivation layer at said bottom side of said die, wherein an opening in said passivation layer is under a contact point of said contact pad, and said contact point is at a top of said opening, and a conductive layer at said bottom side of said die and under said passivation layer and said contact point, wherein said conductive layer is coupled to said contact point through said opening, wherein said conductive bump in said chip package is under said conductive layer.
 31. The method of claim 30, wherein said conductive layer of said die in said chip package comprises copper.
 32. The method of claim 30, wherein said conductive layer of said die in said chip package comprises nickel.
 33. The method of claim 30, wherein said contact pad of said die in said chip package comprises copper.
 34. The method of claim 30, wherein said contact pad of said die in said chip package comprises aluminum.
 35. The method of claim 25, wherein said conductive bump in said chip package comprises tin.
 36. The method of claim 25, wherein said conductive bump in said chip package comprises a tin-lead alloy.
 37. The method of claim 25, wherein said conductive bump in said chip package comprises a tin-silver alloy.
 38. The method of claim 25, wherein said conductive bump in said chip package comprises a solder ball.
 39. The method of claim 25, wherein said part of said substrate in said chip package comprises bismaleimide triazine.
 40. A method of fabricating a chip package, comprising: joining a first substrate and a second substrate, wherein a first opening in said first substrate exposes a bottom side of said second substrate, wherein said second substrate comprises a copper pad and a separating layer at said bottom side of said second substrate, wherein a second opening in said separating layer is under a contact point of said copper pad, and said contact point is at a top of said second opening; after said joining said first substrate and said second substrate, forming a conductive bump under said second substrate, the conductive bump having a first portion in said first opening, and a second portion conductive that is coupled to said contact point through said second opening; and after said forming said conductive bump, performing a sawing process.
 41. The method of claim 40, wherein said second substrate further comprises a conductive layer at said bottom side of said second substrate and under said separating layer and said contact point, wherein said conductive layer is coupled to said contact point through said second opening, wherein said first opening is under said conductive layer.
 42. The method of claim 41, wherein said conductive layer comprises copper.
 43. The method of claim 41, wherein said conductive layer comprises nickel.
 44. The method of claim 40, wherein said first opening is vertically under said contact point.
 45. The method of claim 40, wherein said conductive bump contacts a sidewall of said first opening.
 46. The method of claim 40, wherein said second substrate comprises a die.
 47. The method of claim 40 further comprising said joining said first substrate and said second substrate using an adhesive material.
 48. A method of fabricating a chip package, comprising: joining a first substrate and a second substrate comprising a die sawed from a wafer, wherein a first opening in said first substrate exposes a bottom side of said second substrate, wherein said second substrate comprises a contact pad and a separating layer at said bottom side of said second substrate, wherein a second opening in said separating layer is under a contact point of said contact pad, and said contact point is at a top of said second opening; after said joining said first substrate and said second substrate, forming a conductive bump-under said second substrate, the conductive bump having a first portion in said first opening conductive that contacts a sidewall of said first opening, and a second portion conductive that is coupled to said contact point through said second opening; and after said forming said conductive bump, performing a sawing process.
 49. The method of claim 48, wherein said contact pad comprises a copper pad.
 50. The method of claim 48, wherein said contact pad comprises aluminum.
 51. The method of claim 48, wherein said second substrate further comprises a conductive layer at said bottom side of said second substrate and under said separating layer and said contact point, wherein said conductive layer is coupled to said contact point through said second opening, wherein said first opening is under said conductive layer.
 52. The method of claim 51, wherein said conductive layer comprises copper.
 53. The method of claim 51, wherein said metal conductive layer comprises nickel.
 54. The method of claim 48, wherein said first opening is vertically under said contact point.
 55. The method of claim 48 further comprising said joining said first substrate and said second substrate using an adhesive material. 